Have you ever looked at your favorite website and wondered why it looked like that, how the buttons worked, or thought, I wonder how complicated that is? or, I wish I could do that? While web design determines the way a website looks, front-end development is how that design actually gets implemented on the web.
Everything you see on a website is built with front-end development (sometimes also called front-end web development) — and the people behind it have a name: front-end developers.
A front-end web developer is a software engineer who implements web designs through coding languages like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. If you head to any site, you can see the work of a front-end developer in the navigation, layouts (including this article), and in the way that a site looks different on your phone (thanks to mobile-first or responsive design).
But wait, are front-end developers in demand in 2022?
Front-end developer jobs (also sometimes called front-end engineering jobs) are some of the most in-demand roles.
In a 2021 Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2021, front-end developers in the United States made an average of $110,000 per year. Currently, there are 14,000 open front-end developer jobs across the United States on Indeed.com, compared to 11,600 for back-end developers.
Is being a front-end developer a good long-term career choice?
Becoming a front-end developer is a good long-term career change.
If this is sounding more and more like your dream job, we’ll break down all of the skills front-end developers use and need so that you’ll know everything you need to know to get started in front-end development.
So, how do you become a front-end developer in 2022?
The first step is to start learning some of the fundamental skills that front-end developers use on a day-to-day basis. Let’s take a look at what you need to learn.
TABLE OF CONTENTS: SKILLS YOU NEED TO BECOME A FRONT END DEVELOPER
Key Front End Developers Skills
HTML/CSS
JavaScript
JavaScript Frameworks
Front End Frameworks
CSS Preprocessors
RESTful Services/APIs
Responsive/Mobile Design
Cross-Browser Development
Testing/Debugging
Git/Version Control
Problem Solving
Key Front End Developers Skills
Front end web developers use three primary coding languages to code the website and web app designs created by web designers:
- HTML
- CSS
- Javascript
The code front-end developers write runs inside the user’s web browser (known as client-side, as opposed to a back-end developer, whose code runs server-side using open source runtime environments like Node.js).
Full-stack developers are comfortable programming with both front-end and back-end languages.
A front-end web developer is also in charge of making sure that there are no errors or bugs on the front end, as well as making sure that the design appears as it’s supposed to across various platforms and browsers. All of these tasks are important for a good user experience.
HTML/CSS
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) are the most basic building blocks of web coding. Without these two skills, you can’t create a website design — all you’d have is unformatted plain text on the screen. In fact, you can’t even add images to a page without HTML!
Before you get started on any web development career path, you’ll have to master coding with HTML and CSS. The good news is that getting a solid working knowledge of either of these can be done in just a few weeks.
The best part: HTML and CSS knowledge alone will let you build basic websites.
Javascript
JavaScript lets you add a ton more functionality to your websites, and you can create a lot of basic web applications using nothing more than HTML, CSS, and JavaScript (JS for short).
At the most basic level, JS is used to create and control things like maps that update in real time, interactive films, and online games. Sites like Pinterest use a lot of JavaScript to make their user interface easy to use (the fact that the page doesn’t reload whenever you pin something is thanks to JavaScript!).
JavaScript Frameworks
JS frameworks (including Angular, Backbone, Ember, Vue.js, and React) give a ready-made structure to your JavaScript code. There are different types of JavaScript frameworks for different needs, though the five mentioned are the most popular in actual job listings (especially React, which is why we’ve included it for free in our Break Into Tech program.
In fact, knowing React can net you up more in terms of average front-end developer salary. While learning JavaScript frameworks does take time, they really speed up development by giving you a jumpstart.
Front End Frameworks
CSS and front-end frameworks (the most popular front-end framework is Bootstrap) do for CSS what JS Frameworks do for JavaScript: they give you a jumping-off point for faster coding. Since so much CSS starts with exactly the same elements from project to project, a framework that defines all of these for you upfront is super valuable. Most front-end developer job listings expect you to be familiar with how these frameworks work and how to use them, so you should definitely get a head start if you want to be a front-end programmer or just to further hone your front-end development skills.
Experience with CSS Preprocessors
Preprocessors are another element that a front-end developer can use to speed up CSS coding, a CSS preprocessor adds extra functionality to CSS to keep our CSS scalable and easier to work with. It processes your code before you publish it to your website, and turns it into well-formatted and cross-browser-friendly CSS. Sass and LESS are the two most in-demand preprocessors.
Experience with RESTful Services and APIs
Without getting too technical on this one, REST stands for Representational State Transfer. In basic terms, it’s a lightweight architecture that simplifies network communication on the web, and RESTful services and APIs are web services that adhere to REST architecture.
Let’s say you wanted to write an app that shows you all of your social media friends in the order in which you became friends. You could make calls to Facebook’s RESTful API to read your friend's list and return that data. As a front-end web developer, you could call Twitter’s API as well (Twitter also uses RESTful APIs). The general process is the same for any service that uses RESTful APIs, only the data returned will be different.
While it all sounds really complicated and technical, it’s a simple set of guidelines and practices that sets expectations so you know how to communicate with a web service. It also makes a web service perform better, scale better, work more reliably, and be easier to modify or move.
Read more about REST and RESTful services here
Responsive and Mobile Design
More people access the internet from their mobile device than from a desktop computer so it’s no wonder that responsive and mobile design skills are super important to employers. Responsive design means that the site’s layout (and sometimes functionality and content) change based on the screen size and device someone is using.
For example, when you visit a website from a desktop computer with a big monitor, you’ll see multiple columns, big graphics, and interaction created specifically for mouse and keyboard users. On a mobile device, the same website would appear as a single column optimized for touch interaction, but using the same base files.
Mobile design can include responsive design, but can also mean creating separate mobile-specific designs. Sometimes the experience you want a user to have when visiting your site on a desktop computer is entirely different from what you want them to see when visiting from their smartphone.
Cross-Browser Development
Modern browsers are getting pretty good at displaying websites consistently, but there are still differences in how they interpret code behind the scenes. Until all modern browsers work perfectly with web standards, knowing how to make each of them work the way you want them to is an important skill. That’s what cross-browser development is all about.
Read more about cross-browser compatibility here
Testing and Debugging
It’s a fact of life for a front-end web developer: bugs happen. Being familiar with testing and debugging processes is vital.
Unit testing is the process of testing individual blocks of source code (the instructions that tell a website how it should work), and unit testing frameworks provide a specific method and structure for doing so (there are different ones for each programming language).
Another common type of testing is UI testing (also called acceptance testing, browser testing, or functional testing), where you check to make sure that the website behaves as it should when a user is actually using the site.
You can write tests that will look for things like particular HTML on a page after an action is taken — like making sure that if a user forgets to fill out a required form field, your form error box pops up.
Debugging is simply taking all of the “bugs” (errors) those tests uncover (or your users uncover once your site is launched), putting on your detective hat to figure out why and how they’re happening, and fixing the problem. Different companies use slightly different processes for this, but if you’ve used one, you can adapt to others pretty easily.
Because testing and bugging contribute in large part to a positive user experience, they’re valuable skills for a front-end developer to know.
Git and Version Control Systems
Version control systems let you keep track of changes that have been made to code over time. They also make it easy to revert back to an earlier version if you screw something up.
Git is the most widely used of these version control management systems and can be installed using the command line. Knowing how to use Git is going to be a requirement for virtually any development job, be it front-end development, back-end development, or full stack development. This is one of those vital job skills that developers need to have but few actually talk about.
Problem Solving Skills
If there’s one thing that all front-end developers have to have, regardless of the job description or official title, it’s excellent problem-solving skills. From figuring out how to best implement a design to fixing bugs that crop up, to figuring out how to make your front-end code work with the back-end code another software engineer has written, development is all about creative problem-solving.
A good front-end developer will view this as a puzzle to be solved rather than an absolute disaster. Of course, an excellent, senior-level front-end developer will anticipate these problems and try to prevent them in the first place!
You'll get a solid foundation for landing the front-end developer job you're looking for with skills like HTML and CSS, Responsive Web Development, Git, JavaScript, and React - all we've talked about here, in a practical way, are everywhere on the internet!